Colour is retina of person cross-eye eyeball the light that receives makes response, in some kind of feeling of the generation in cerebrum. Well-known, the major object that we see does not give off light, if be in dark night, perhaps saying is to be below the condition that does not have illumination, these objects cannot be seen by people, know they are what color each more impossibly. People can see color, because come from glow illuminant,be, wait for; or the reflex that are glow illuminant like light of the sun, electric lamp, candle power, blaze, give off light namely illuminant illuminate is on blame glow object place catoptric is smooth, wait like metope of moon, building, ground, again scattering arrives to be observed on the object be caused by. This shows, light and color are not divided, light is lubricious precondition, the colour that is mirrorred in people visual sense is a kind of smooth lubricious feeling actually.
2, smooth
This one natural phenomenon perhaps inspires the rainbow after thing sun shines again after rain just about British scientist Newton discovers colorific cause of formation, announce the origin of smooth lubricious principle. The lab that Newton was in Cantabrigian university 1666, sun's rays from one small seam introduce darkroom, after passing prism, a beautiful colored ribbon is shown on screen, for red, orange, yellow, green, green, blue, purple light, this kind of phenomenon calls light decompose, formation colored ribbon namely spectral. The occurrence of spectral phenomenon, showing sun's rays is formed by the color in spectrum. Light arrives again through prism from air air, reflection arises twice in different medium, because the strong and weak points of light-wave is diverse, prism the thickness of each place is different the time difference that cause, through refractive action, decompose sun's rays for red, orange, yellow, green, green, blue, purple light, if a convex is added in the road with dispersive light, , the light of decentralize is centered, of concentration made white light again. The red, orange that has decomposed via prism, yellow, green, green, blue, violet random a bundle of shade cannot be decomposed again via prism again, project going up to screen still is original shade. The shade that contains red, orange, yellow, green, green, blue, violet all wavelengh makes panchromatic light. The shade that contains wavelengh of two kinds of above cries answer shade. The shade that contains a kind of wavelengh only calls monochromatic light. Say simply, light is a kind of form of energy, it is radiant energy of a kind of electromagnetism. The light that our naked eye can see calls visible light. The amplitude size of visible light produces the change of light and shade, the accident of light-wave produces the distinction of hue, smooth wavelengh is in between 400~700 bicron for visible light, decompose the spectrum that sun's rays forms with prism namely, the wavelengh of red light is the longest, the wavelengh of purple light is the shortest, corresponding ground is in colour, the message that red delivers is farthermost, and the message that purple delivers is the closest. Because this wavelengh is beyond 400 bicron, the light that can make human body skin blackens says for ultraviolet ray, wavelengh is beyond 700 bicron, can produce what caloric light says to be infrared ray. Additional, still have in sightless light can pass through an object (metallic except) the other ray such as the line of Ma of X light, Jia, electromagnetic wave that has radiation effect, these are the light with invisible naked eye, want to pass instrument ability observation
3, color
1. originallies about " coloured "
In daily life, normally we think color has corporeal sex, namely " of " solid coloured is existence, changeless. Vernal leaf is green, snow is white, xiaowang's glove is yellow, a when I buy newly new clothes is powdery green, these color are with the standard solar illuminate is premise of course surely really. Interesting is, when illuminant the change is artificial light, moon, starlight, or be when putting these goods in the cabinet, can not think their color also is changed subsequently commonly. Be in slant when the observed to be used to looks below sunlight by day below ablaze lamp oneself object of maize light, we always want to feel its color by same way almost. Night is below the condition with very weak light, we also won't say the person that wears white shirt is the shirt that wears deep gray, although be below red light illuminate, the snow that see still is white. This kind of chronic colour is familiar, say decide for colour constant quality. Inherent color is existence, color is a kind of changeless property of material, this one viewpoint satisfied a lot of real need in daily life, there also are many practical places on science and technology, but those who be worth to pay attention to is, on artistic, design, this one viewpoint can make a person not always contented. For example, we take two pieces of paper with same lightness, the center in paper the circular green of 5cm of the diameter on each besmear piece, if these two pieces of paper are neuter gray a piece, another piece is gules, so two green that besmear goes up won't have identical green to feel it seems that, phenomenon of this kind of vision is called at the same time colour contrast. Apparent, discern for correct ground the color of the object, the object must observe below specific requirement. About these viewpoints of corporeal color and smooth color, with thinking the sun promotes a point of view that falls again every day, come to saying is basic error from scientific point of view. But in daily life, be necessary to think they are correct however. Because be in our life, need to have a relative stability, come from before the colour feature that the colour impression in experience will come to to convey some object, the value that also has very great indicative sense and actuality with respect to the feature of coloured of the solid in resembling drawing is same, when when the colour of the picture with solid lubricious relation exists, often give a person with realistic impression, and bed sheet of coloured of some kind of solid alone draw-out when coming out to use, can have indicative sense. If green is the colour of spring, crop and leaf, accordingly it often is regarded as a calumet to be used in a lot of designs that have indicative sense, in specific practical design, for example, on the design of the outer packing box of coffee, the solid coloured that uses coffee is very necessary, can cause the person that watch to be opposite so of coffee fragrance associate, produce the desire that wants to drink it. If the solid coloured of coffee is used on the outer packing of chair juice, green tea or milk,that is absolutely not possible. Accordingly, to inherent color of this problem familiar should hold corresponding sex, cannot of one generality.
The changeability of 2. object color
Respecting scene cannot leave to say light for certain, of object color cannot deciding the factor is main is formed as a result of different illuminant illuminate. From the angle analysis of pure physics, object itself does not have colour, but the absorption that it can pass pair of different wavelengh shade, reflex or transmission, the some colour appearance in showing illuminant scene, namely object color. You had had such experience certainly. Undertake in artificial illuminant environment colour paint from life draws, or it is the design that makes coloured variety the job is very inaccessible ideal effect. The object below common and incandescent the light of a lamp takes yellow, the object below fluorescent lamp slants cyan. Take the work that completes below such illuminant when you when falling to look again to daylight, the meeting is astonied perhaps, the error that colour place appears will be very big, the shade that wants with you may be two different matters, because you upright to colorific standard,this is often be the daylight color with medium brightness surely, the panchromatic that contains shade of red, orange, yellow, green, green, blue, violet all wavelengh namely issues those who be a basis solely. Below panchromatic light, we see pigheaded oak is yellow, because pigheaded oak surface absorbed the other shade except yellow,this is, and smooth be caused by of sheet of main reflex yellow. Yellow became the instinctive quality of this object or mass-tone, namely the concept of " of coloured of saying " solid. From essence for, pigheaded oak is during reflection yellow is smooth, also reflex other shade, just the position with its scale minor house just. If the object shows white or black, because they reflexed much,that is shade or absorbed major shade, if object color reflects a gray outward appearance, it is reflection and the result that absorb half and half, the colour idea of respecting pigheaded oak is same above just as, quality of very black, white object also exists far from. They are in reflection and absorb shade while, also reflexing other shade more or less, in these color, often contain unpredicatable lubricious tendency. Accordingly, in the eye of impressionistic painters, object color is sex of timeliness, district, illuminance, smooth chroma, the twinking of mood index is reflected, what in their picture we see is going from place to place light, aglimmer shadow, the brushwork that is colour science is deduced. If say renaissance is latter-day brushwork is germinant, establish scientific sketch model system, light and shade, fluoroscopy, anatomize in waiting for knowledge to apply plastic arts scientificly, so, impressionist school is the start of contemporary brushwork, it finished formative of the colour in brushwork to change, the scientific idea light and color is fetching arrive in brushwork, innovated traditional solid coloured idea, founded to be the contemporary and sketchy chromatics of core with illuminant color and environmental color. The Italian painter that takes expression of " of " true color seriously all along amounts to ? fragrance to surprise to be in Europe early renaissance period points out " does not have an object to be able to reveal its completely original color " , just the confine as a result of times and science and technology, he still cannot make the science that accords with physical logic comment for this, but acumen sex of the artist and Ling Hui make he understands thoroughly above place to narrate somewhat to this, from the angle analysis of physics, object itself does not have some kind of changeless colour, the main factor that forms object color depends on phenomenon of the absorption of illumination and object to illumination, reflex, transmission, the feature of surface of the property of the still has an object element structure that decides object lubricious property additionally, object, radial property, object, person that watch the mood element at that time, but illuminant color is the first element that decides object color is formed. Usually, the form Chengdu of object color is to point to with solar illuminant namely panchromatic is smooth (Bai Guang is lubricious) be premise, otherwise, the object is shown lubriciously meet very different. For example, the red flag shows red below sunlight, redder red is shown in the meeting in red light, orange is shown in the meeting below maize light, can show below blue light show purple, and the color that lays to be able to show black ash in green light comes, because,this is because red face does not have red light to be able to be reflexed and the ability green illuminates smooth sponge, because this is gules,darkly gray falls in the illuminate of green light. Be like again, the surface of white paper, if take glow to illuminate, if illuminate,show gules; with La Guang, if illuminate,show blue; if illuminate,show maize; with Huang Guang; with panchromatic light (Bai Guang) can be white. Because white paper reflexes the cause of light of of all kinds on average,this is. The object absorbed the light that shoots, cannot go out according to original energy reflex, smooth look is dark, formed grey attune so, absorb more more, grey tone is darker, of course, the intensity of this and illuminant is having immediate concern, it can make object color produces a change. If twist oak to illuminate the maize; with shoot next appearing normal to be below intense solar illuminate in standard sunlight,be being met is light powdery yellow, and can show below weaker solar illuminate show slant green deep yellow. This shows, illuminant color and illuminant intensity of illumination are the account that object color produces change. Such, we knew to be below certain condition change, object color is alterable, the help is very great for the person that is familiar with this to be engaged in artistic design working to us. If be in,commodity is displayed or of the banquet decorate on, must consider the impact with lubricious to the object light, light makes with appropriate meeting the object graces; is used undeservedly, can damage commodity or alimental image. For example, we cannot be in the flesh kind the light that the upper part of pantry stage uses cold green or it is the ceiling, color of this kind of illuminant or reflex can make fresh pork shows gloomy color, flesh of feeling letting a person already deteriorated. In shopwindow design commodity colour matchs proper, setting line quality is sound, on this foundation, must the problem of the colour developing such as mature illuminant intensity, smooth color. In living in interior design, if the light with orange red matchs in the environment of blue purple, this is to be imagined hard really, call a person to cannot be accepted. These are worth us to think deep.
3. is achromatic color and have color
Having color is the depth that black, white and both mix earning to arrive by different scale the gray series of each different. Come from the angle of physics say, it is namely when the trait that did not show light of some kind of monochromatic in visual perception when illuminant, reflex and transmission light without chromatic series, the impression that gives a person without chromatic series is expression the colour effect of vitality of dark, abstract, lack. Having color is to point to visible light chart medium red, orange, yellow, green, green, blue, violet 7 kinds of primary color, reach the mixture color between them, namely the feature that the vision can experience light of some kind of monochromatic, what what we see is to have chromatic series, these colour often give a person with opposite, changeful, the mentality that has an elephant is experienced. Without color department and chromatic department formed mutual distinction and joys and sorrows and in all unified colour whole.
4, feature of colour vision physiology
Occasionally, the colour may not that the person's eye feels and the physical light that exist objectively are lubricious conform to, because,this is, below certain circumstance, when the eye accepts light stimulus, the physiology feature of the eye, that is to say human eye and system of smooth lubricious feeling are having a few peculiar physiology appearances. Should understand these peculiar physiology phenomena as professional, learn to use them, in order to get the colour result that oneself need to achieve.
1 ? light and shade suits. .
Sensory be stimulated, the condition that makes feel the process that has change and change is called suit. Two kinds when there is speed to differ on retina are accepted implement, so the eye is having the brightness that can get used to eye shot changes and the function of self-adjusting speed. Light and shade suits, also call " light quantity to get used to " , it is the visual perception situation that often encounters in daily life. When to dark ministry when bright ministry vision visual happening changes suddenly, it is what is invisible also inside the instant here. Have a kind of appearance we often are come up against, sit when the book reads below sunshine, suddenly the room fixate darkness, the feeling is inky. Enter the theater that showing suddenly when us in when, whats are lost sight of all around. If night puts out the lamplight that shining in the room suddenly, for a short while, meet a when present black at the moment, should see through ability of eye of period of time the content all around is pictographic, lubricious slowly feature, the " dark adaptation that this is a vision " . When to bright ministry when dark ministry vision visual happening changes suddenly, the meeting inside the instant feels shake an eye to dizziness. For example, when sleeping in the evening, the lamp inside the bedroom is opened abruptly, can be to shake a when shake in vain before your, but can identify clearly later all sorts of indoor body and colour, this one by dark to bright visual process calls " bright get used to " . Dark adaptation is experienced at initial stage rise faster, later period rises slower, 15 original minutes can suit basically, after half hours, visual impressibility can raise 100 thousand times, achieve complete dark adaptation to need 40 minutes about. Bright get used to a process, turn into light line process from dark light when the vision namely when, sleep opening is narrow, the vision turns into the photopic vision of central nest by the scotopic vision of retinal brim, get used to the light from dark to bright changeover, from dark get used to a process to be able to be finished inside cutty time to what shine, need the left and right sides 1 second only about. On retina, have lubricious cell of two kinds of feeling namely centrum cell and rods. Centrum cell is in retinal center thick and fast place, show yellow, call Huang Ban, yellow spot center caves, call central pit, it is a vision most the part of acumen. Centrum cell falls in the circumstance with bright light, can differentiate the change with slight color, identify the detail of the object. Leave central pit, the amount of centrum cell decreases quickly, visual acuity also is reduced subsequently. Because cell of retinal center centrum gets used to the vision below bright condition, because this calls " photopic vision " . Rods is in only the light acts well below darker condition, and divide differentiate light and shade only, do not differentiate color. Be in central check point, put in rods scarcely, leave central pit, rods urgent leap is much, because the rods of retinal brim gets used to the vision below dark smooth condition, because this calls " scotopic vision " . If the centrum cell of one individual retina produces an obstacle, he contracted day blind disease, if rods produces an obstacle,also be monochromasia; at the same time, he sufferred from nyctalopia. There is rods only on the retina of some animals, they can be in only nightly activity, night of the " that be called inspects animal " , the eye that night looks an animal cannot differentiate commonly have color, their world is achromatic. When the light dark to certain level when, the person is less than all sorts of color on spectrum soon, and the black and white grey arrangement that can see light and shade is different only. When we observe an object, if rise eye narrow one's eyes, keep out enters the light of the eye partly, the color of the object and detail feature will be abate, and lightness change occurs as before. When the general light and shade that represents content elephant is tonal, the person that makes a picture often rises eye narrow one's eyes, exclude the slight change of color, decide in order to facilitate the integral administrative levels with object tonal light and shade. Because red is smooth not effective to rods, inside rods inspect amaranthine won't be destroyed by red light character, because of this glow not the dark adaptation process of block up rods. What the centrum cell of one individual vision accepts is glow perverses stimulate, turn into dark light suddenly next, right now his vision is experienced still can poise, do not require dark adaptation rebuild process, the darkroom job consumed that this principle applies to X light to check, a series of nightly signal lamp glow illume that need dark adaptation. Run quickly to go up in the freeway by the car, can see the lighting installation in channel has two kinds. One kind is in passageway all around smooth without illume, and inter part is centering a lot of lamplight however. This is to make by day the intensity of illumination in channel can as far as possible equal and those who undertake designing. This one type is more in channel of vintage short distance, but the specialty tunnel that builds for the most part, discrepancy place contains many illume is smooth, and inter share reduces its amount, this gets used to " considering " light and shade namely and undertake designing. In the house, some rooms are dark even if also must open the lamp by day, the light and shade of space of this kind of life suits too intense, solid inconvenience is used.
2. colour suits
When heading blinkers activity, the blue that can experience lens what begin for some time, brown or the colour effect that green sees content is resembled to place, after crossing, the color on lens is on the vision disappear. Below the maize light of incandescent lamp, after just can opening the lamp only before long the color that light experiences in time, a little while this kind of yellow disappears naturally namely. Below maize lamplight, white paper looks white still, restored sunlight to the object (Bai Guang) the feeling below. The color visual sense that person eye creates below stimulative to environmental color effect changes, it is the vision is smooth to color get used to be caused by, colour of the " that be called gets used to " . Normally, of colour vision the first experience time to be 5~10 about second, crossed colour of " of this paragraph of time to get used to " to begin to act well, this kind of chronic ground restores content to Baiguang like colour qualitative " or the concept that saying is " of " solid coloured have the instinct of primitive appearance condition and " colour constant to concern directly. Colour constant is qualitative, inherent lubricious idea has effect, the becloud of physical nature place that can make the vision avoids the substance that is created by illuminant color to resemble color, and the real property that can hold object color adequately from beginning to end. Person eye leaves the capacity that sees a piece of white paper have color of automatic divisional illuminant and solid coloured in glow, Huang Guang, La Guang, this kind of ability makes no matter below what shade illuminate white paper is remained,we know white, it is advantageous that this kind of colour of the eye gets used to ability to wait for a domain in daily life. And for the personnel that reachs artistic design to be engaged in drawing but with respect to advantages and disadvantages all and have. The colour paint of some expression acumen is a painter in for a short while the first colour feels reflect, depicted the feeling before the eye did not get used to colour namely come out.
3. colour is compensated
Visual colour compensates a phenomenon to also be called to inspect lubricious illusive phenomenon. The person's vision is right colour forever demand the balance of a kind of physiology, namely when person eye sees a kind of any color, always ask its opposite complementary color, if go up objectively,this kind of complementary color did not appear, the eye is met self-adjusting, compensation of this kind of color is made in the vision. Colour compensation phenomenon is in colour art theory the position is very significant, regard a vision as the rule, matter to colorific beauty to learn a problem directly.
¢Ù loses incomplete to resemble sexual vision effect
The principle that visual incomplete resembles forming is caused because of the mark that nerve excitement leaves, it is the eye looks attentively at be caused by continuously, be called again so " of " successive contrast inspects illusion. The vision loses incomplete to resemble a phenomenon, after showing the vision that stopping object color or smooth color is exciting, brief still remain and original object color or smooth color become the vision to complement each other the visual circumstance of lubricious image. Figure of a monochromatic is put on white or grayish setting, after looking attentively at, removed the line of sight, the graph of each other complementary color of customary facial expression can appear on setting, gules negative incomplete resembles is green, it is purple that negative incomplete of yellow resembles, negative incomplete of blue resembles is orange, the negative incomplete of bright color resembles is dark look, the negative incomplete of dark look resembles is bright color of course. After suiting to some color light when the person, turn into other lubricious environment suddenly, feel incline to to latter color last time the complementary color of shade environment, for example, enter sunlight from the arena environment that bestrews red light (Bai Guang) environment, can feel all around all object color contain green ingredient. The colour that change of the vision after this kind of vision seems smooth chromatic adaptation now causes is illusive, also call negative incomplete to resemble sexual vision effect, retention period of effect of this kind of vision is average nevertheless very short, of their artistically apply the result that can achieve expect to be less than.
Effect of ¢Ú simultaneity colour
Two plant or the colour that the color of two kinds of above finds a place for together is tie-in, the pure physics property of color of avery kind of is changed somewhat in inspecting a feeling, colour apposition is proper can hand in photograph reflect, making whole colour combination seems thereby is an excellent symphony. White piece is placed on yellow impression when us when, when white piece can contain violet flavour; to place gray piece on red background, gray piece can appear when going out to send green phenomenal; to put gray piece on blue slightly, holiday of orange yellow; was being joined to be like it seems that in gray is red and green buy look together heal with respect to meeting red red, green heals green. Tall purity and apposition of low purity color are met together tall purity color is more gorgeous and dazzing, and gloomier concede; becomes low purity color when cool color and warm color attend to contrast at the same time, cool color can make a person feel depression, without concern, warm color can make person sense active, enthusiastic; is fastened when tall lightness color when fastening apposition with low lightness color, tall lightness color is more bright, low bright look is more dark. Say commonly, colour contrast concern is more intense, the colour effect of its dissimilation sex is more apparent. Additional, contrast when colorific when the relation is fainter, the colour vision effect of its absorb sex can be shown, for example, representing spring the powdery blue of color (sky) with peak green (leaf) while in contrast, the maize element in green by corresponding dash forward show come, their mutual blue flavour by apparent absorb. So such color cooperates, most produce humorous attune, downy colour result easily. Anyhow, simultaneity colour effect is eye pointing to a person the visual deviation phenomenon that observes inside same space and time the color that experiences is comparative, when the colour effect of dissimilation sex is apparent, its vision lubricious deviation is more intense, be in extremely of colour apposition hand over office performance to get more apparent.
